MLA是現(xiàn)代語言協(xié)會的縮寫。它是美國現(xiàn)代語言協(xié)會制定的Essay指導格式,也是北美大學英語Essay寫作最常用的參考格式。目前,它已在第8版中發(fā)布。與APA,CMS和其他格式相比,MLA紙張格式更加嚴格且更常用。MLA格式通常用于文學Essay中。具體還有網(wǎng)頁引用格式分享哦!
網(wǎng)頁引用格式
MLA引用與哈佛文獻和APA文獻完全不同,MLA格式使用的是“作者姓+頁碼”的組合,舉例來說:
Wordsworth said that romantic poetry is characterized by"spontaneous spillover of strong emotions".”(263).
或者
Romantic poetry is characterized by"the natural manifestation of strong emotions”(Wordsworth 263)
?。ㄒ唬┤绻玫牟牧嫌卸鄠€作者(超過三個),MLA格式需要使用“et al.”的縮略寫法:
?。?)引用作者人數(shù)超過三人:
According to Eric et al,“Current agricultural policies in the U.S.are contributing to the poor health of Americans”(327).
或者
The authors claim that one cause of obesity in the United States is government-funded farm subsidies(Franck et al.327).
(2)引用作者人數(shù)未超過三人:The authors claim that surface reading looks at what is“evident,perceptible,apprehensible in texts”(Best and Marcus 9).
或者
Best and Marcus argue that one should read a text for what it says on its surface,rather than looking for some hidden meaning(9).
?。ǘ┤绻猛粋€作者的不同文獻,則在文內(nèi)引用中需要加上文獻的名稱。
?。?)同一作者的兩篇文章:
Lightinor believes that computers are not a useful tool for young children("too early"38),although he also acknowledges elsewhere that early exposure to computer games does give children little motor skills in their second and third years Better development(“Hand-Eye Development”17).
(2)同一作者的兩本書:
Murray said that writing is a"process that changes with our way of thinking"(writing is to learn 6).In addition,Murray believes that the purpose of writing is"to bring thoughts and information from one person's head to another's head."(A Writer Teaches Writing 3).
在MLA參考格式中,主要有兩種類型的文檔:印刷(書籍和期刊)和Web(網(wǎng)頁參考),必須在本文結(jié)尾引用的作品中進行標記。此外,每個參考條目都需要縮進兩次。
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Last Name,First Name.Title:City of Publication.Publisher,Publication Date.
姓,名.書名:出版城市.出版者,出版日期.
范例:
Gleick,James.Chaos:Making a New Science.Penguin,1987.
Wysocki,Anne Frances,et al.Writing New Media:Theory and Applications for Expanding the Teaching of Composition.Utah State UP,2004.
注意:MLA版本8在引用書籍時省略了發(fā)布城市。僅當在不同國家/地區(qū)發(fā)行的版本不同時,才應在報價單中注明發(fā)行城市。
MLA 8th引用書籍
Jacobs,Alan.The Pleasures of Reading in an Age of Distraction.Oxford UP,2011.
MLA 7th引用書籍
Jacobs,Alan.The Pleasures of Reading in an Age of Distraction.Oxford:Oxford UP,2011.Print.
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引用期刊時,需要加上vol.和no.來表示期刊的期刊數(shù)和卷號。
Author(s).“Title of Article.”Title of Journal,Volume,Issue,Year,pages.
MLA 8th引用期刊
Kincaid,Jamaica.“In History.”Callaloo,vol.24,no.2,Spring 2001,pp.620-26.
MLA 7th引用期刊
Kinkaid,Jamaica.“In History.”Callaloo 24.2(Spring 2001):620-26.Web.
范例:
Bagchi,Alaknanda.“Conflicting Nationalisms:The Voice of the Subaltern in Mahasweta Devi’s Bashai Tudu.”Tulsa Studies in Women’s Literature,vol.15,no.1,1996,pp.41-50.
(五)網(wǎng)頁引用
Editor,author,or compiler name(if available).Name of Site.Version number,Name of institution/organization affiliated with the site(sponsor or publisher),date of resource creation(if available),URL,DOI or permalink.Date of access(if applicable).
編輯者,作者或編譯器名稱(如果有)。網(wǎng)站名稱。版本號,與站點關(guān)聯(lián)的機構(gòu)/組織的名稱(贊助者或發(fā)布者),資源創(chuàng)建日期(如果有),URL,DOI或永久鏈接。訪問日期(如果適用)。
范例:
Felluga,Dino.Guide to Literary and Critical Theory.Purdue U,28 Nov.2003,www.cla.purdue.edu/english/theory/.Accessed 10 May 2006.
Lundman,Susan.“How to Make Vegetarian Chili.”eHow,www.ehow.com/how_10727_make-vegetarian-chili.html.Accessed 6 July 2015.
最后我再提出兩點注意事項哦:
1.現(xiàn)在MLA不再在書名下用下劃線,而是用斜體字;
2.現(xiàn)在MLA要求用print標記公開出版的紙質(zhì)刊物的出版特征,包括書,雜志,報紙。